Policies and concerns of countries about Professional Liability insurance of attorneys are not the same and in harmony. Some countries, for example France and Belgium, make it obligatory for attorneys to obtain Professional Liability insurance and in some others, for example Egypt, attorneys have a choice for assuring their Liability and finally in some other countries, for example Iran, Professional Liability insurance of attorney is not yet established or not regarded as necessary.  The author in this article by regarding achievements of D.S and Europen countries focuses on necessity of insurance coverage for attorneys and examines all aspects of this contract and the obligations it imposes on the insurer and the insured.

One of the contracts frequently used in the oil and gas industry for project delivery is the Engineering, Procurement and Construction Management (EPCM) contract, which originated from mining. Under this agreement, the contractor acts as the employer's representative and provides Professional services for the design process, management, and monitoring of construction contracts to ensure the project's quality, budget, and timing. The main issue and question surrounding this contract is the principle on which the contractor's Professional Liability can be established.As a contractor for Professional services, the liabilities associated with implementing design and management, procurement management, and construction management are based on the "standards of care" principle employed by leading engineering firms operating under similar conditions and in the same profession. If applicable, the contractor will be held liable for Professional faults. Given the nature of the contractor's Professional service and in line with Iranian law, the contractor's design, procurement, and management obligations are binding under this principle.

Medical Professional Civil Liability Insurance is a special type of the civil Liability insurances. Nowadays, medical services insurance policies have been specialized in developed countries and insurance companies in each case cover only the damages which are the subjects of the insurance policy. In such countries, in order to arrange the comprehensive cover insurance for their professions, medical Professionals and medical-related Professionals should in some cases inevitably insure their Professional liabilities by purchasing several Liability insurances. Thereby, by expanding the scope of medical liabilities, some countries have decided to make this insurance compulsory. In Iran, according to the prepared statistics, only an average of about 23% of the physicians have gotten the civil Liability insurance during the years 1999-2001. In this study, beside presenting some generalities about Medical Professional Liability Insurance and also providing some instances which are under the cover of this type of insurance, the most important exceptions of this Insurance in which the insurer is not responsible of the incurred damages have been studied and in case of need some recommendations have been put forward in this area.

In this research, in order to recognize the factors which affect demands for physician’s Professional Liability insurance, ARDL and ECM approaches are used, in Microfit software during the time period of 1369–1385 (1990–2005). The results show that among variables, the rate of premium has the greatest effect on the demand for physician’s Professional Liability insurance and in the lower levels, number of agencies, national income, and loss payment, effecting demand for insurance. According to the obtained results, hypothesis which pertain the positive relationship between this kind of insurance and the variables of loss payment, national income and number of branches is confirmed and inverse relationship among premium rate with demand for the insurance is proved.

This study contains a comprehensive scientific analysis of modern problems of risk management in the sphere of state economic security provision using Professional Liability insurance. The elements of the mechanism for provision the economic security are defined, namely: subjects, objects and instruments of influence. It is stipulated that insurance is the means to provide the state economic security. Here are types of insurance that are important for the state and its economic security and we have focused on one of these types, namely: Professional Liability insurance. It is shown that this type insurance helps to manage the risks in different business activities. The concept of this type of insurance has been researched. It is identified its charachteristics. The classification of this type of insurance has been performed. It is proved the effectiveness of insurance as a method to provide the protection of the economic interests of all entities by transferring part of the risks to Professional participants of the insurance market.

Background The development of the insurance industry and the accounting system are two important pillars of economic development of any country and the ethical responsibility of auditors requires them to reduce the risk of their activities. The present study has developed a hierarchical analysis of the components affecting the Professional Liability insurance of auditors in order to develop the context of ethical principles. Method The present study is among the qualitative researches. The statistical population of the study is 30 expert members of the Association of Certified Public Accountants and senior insurance managers in Iran. Due to the limited statistical population, the present study did not have a sampling method. Data were collected using interviews and a researcher-made questionnaire. Finally, Delphi technique, matrix (SWOT), hierarchical analysis process (AHP) was used to analyze the data. Results The results of applying the Analysis of Hierarchical Process (AHP) showed that among the strengths, the component of transferring the risks of Professional activists, among the weaknesses, the imperfect component and the ambiguity of laws and regulations, among the opportunities, the component of need. In the future, and among the challenges, the low priority component of the low insurance culture is the community. Conclusion Given the strengths identified for the development of auditorschr('39') Professional Liability insurance (transferring the risks of accounting and auditing practitioners, enhancing auditing activities and reducing audit risk and the potential population of auditors and affiliates), weaknesses (current laws and regulations, qualifications for the principles of damage recognition and non-compliance with Professional standards), opportunities (community need for new types of insurance, investors chr('39')need for auditorschr('39') reports and insurance market development) and challenges (low insurance culture, unknown). The concept of audit risk for the judiciary and the ignorance of society and capital Investors rules) must provide for the development of this type of insurance in the country.

Background and Aims: The dentist's attire and appearance affects his/her relationships with the patients. It is also essential to sync the Professional attire in dentistry with the habits and Islamic culture of Islamic Republic of Iran, meet the patients' desires, and pay attention to the infection-control-requirements as well. The objective of the present study was to determine the patients' viewpoints about the Professional appearance of the dentists at Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Dental School in 1395-96. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 103 patients (54 females and 49 males) were studied. (α =0. 05 and standard variation=4. 5). The questionnaire were included color photographies of a female dentist and a male dentist dressed in different attires. The patients were asked to select the cleanest, and the most trustable, competent, and experienced dentist according to the 4 different attires. The frequencies and percentages of the participants’ answers to the questionaire were descriptively reported. Results: All patients preferred dentists to use white coat during their treatment. For the male dentists, most patients (45. 6%) favored simple hair model. For the female dentists, most patients (35. 9%) considered veil as the more acceptable Hejaband, and 54. 4% of them preferred light makeup. Conclusion: All patients preferred their dentists to dress in the Professional attire with a white coat. They believed that wearing formal-Professional-dressing by the dentists may show them look cleaner, and more trustable, more competent, and experienced.